:")

THE URBAN REVOLUTION

-         a very important cultural transition began.

-         Generated new needs a resources and accompanied by a significant increase in a technological innovation.

-         Beginning of the invention of the city.

Categories in the Urban Revolution

                                    Craftsmen and Scientist- led to search for other  metallic ores, to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure specific metals.

            Rise of the first Civilization.

Sumerian Astronomers

-         Plotted the motion with heavenly bodies.

-         Based calculations about calendars

-         Relationship between Science and Technology have emerged.

* Copper and Bronze

      -GOLDSMITHS- the technique in heating the metal incredible over a strong fire and casting it into simple clay or stone.

      - BRONZE- is the important material of the early civilization.

* Sea Transportation- progress from sailing ship into vessels.

      Irrigation- development of systematic irrigation.

* Urban Manufacturing

                              Became the commodities traded of metals

      Pottery    

      Wines

      Oils               

      Cosmetics

Science of Chemistry started in the kitchen

Wheeled Vehicles- primarily provided by animals

Chariot- during Wars it is appeared as a weapon

Building- used sun-dried bricks

Egyptians- used stone to construct pyramid and temples

Sumerians- first to build column with bricks

 Dissemination- with technical knowledge.

Islamic Science

Islamic culture is the most relevant to European.

Greek       Arabic         Latin         Hebrew

The Arabic Culture and Language spread apart to Portugal in the west and the frontiers of China in the east and over many degrees of latitude.

Alchemy:

 Medieval chemical art whose principle objectives where to find panacea and to transmute base metals into gold.

Rhazes – makes the earliest  known suggestions for furnishing a chemical laboratory.

Math

-         Arabic Numerals- an Indian System of numeral notation during 9^th century.

-         It was invented in India, passed to Persia to the Arabs, and was introduced in Europe in the 10^th Century.

Persian Mohammed Ibn Al-khwarizmi- is the Persian Mohammed ere algorism which is a medieval ord for Arithmetic came from. He also develop the process of verification.

Astronomy and Astrology- constant pre-occupation in the Islamic World.

It was develop on Southern Spain

Toledo-located in central Spain.

Indian Science

            The Indian Civilization is about the oldest still alive and it achieved a high level of technology at an earl stage.

            The history of Science and Technology in India begins with the Prehistoric Human Activity at Mehrgarh (Pakistan now) and continuous in through Indus Valley Civilization.

Bronze Age Civilization to early states and empires.

            The Science and Technology in India has something to do with:

                        Agriculture

                        Indian Astrology

                        Zinc Metallurgy

                        Mathematics

1. Agriculture

The irrigation developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 B.C. The size and prosperity of Indus Valley civilization grow as a result of this innovation which eventually led to more planned settlements making use of drainage and sewers.

2. Indian Astrology

Indian Astronomical text named Vedamga Jyotisa dates back around 1200 B.C. detailed several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events.

 In India there is a long established wide spread belief in Astronomy and it is commonly used for daily life.

Ex. :

  With regards to marriage

  With regards to career

  With regards to election processes

            The Indian Astrology also detailed several important aspects of the time and seasons, including lunar month, solar months and lunar leap month. It is also include the twelve signs of Zodiac were also known at that time.

3. Zinc Metallurgy (refined metals)

Zinc mines of Zawar were active during 400 B.C

Another important Indian contribution was in the isolation, distillation, and use of  Zinc. A major breakthrough in the history of metallurgy was India’s discovery of Zinc distillation whereby metal was vapornized and then condensed back into pure metal.

Early Iron object found in India can be dated to 1400 B.C. Some scholars believe that the early 13^th century Iron smelting was practiced on a bigger scale in India.

 Rust free steel was an Indian inventions and remains an Indian Skill for centuries.   

D. MATHEMATICS

The use of Negative numbers was known in early India and their role insituation like mathematical problems of debt was understood.
The Decimal number system originated in India. Other cultures discovered a few features of this number system which was compiled in India where it attained coherence and completion.