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Astronomy

-         It is the study of celestial body or bodies; objects such as stars planets, comets, and galaxies and its phenomena.

-         Greek word “astrom”- star.

-         “nomos”- Law

-         During 20^th Century Astronomy splits into two major categories.

                 Physics (A)                                     

A. Observational Astronomy                      

- focused in acquiring data from Observation which then analyzed  by the aids of basic principles of  Physics.

    Technology (B)

     B. Theoretical Astronomy

    - oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical objects and phenomena.

Some Contribution of Early Civilization

BABYLONIANS- beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy. They discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycle known as “canos”

GREEKS- (Third B.C.)

      ARISTARCUS- calculated the mass of the earth and measures the distance and size of moon and star.

      He is also the first to proposed a “heliocentric” model of the Solar System.

      Hipparchus- Invented the first and earliest known astronomical/device such as Atrolabe.

      Antikystheria Mechanism (150-80 B.C.)- was an early analog computer design to calculate sun, moon, etc.

PERSIANS

     Azophi- described the Andromeda Galaxy and described in his book of fixed stars.

EGYPTIANS

      Ali Ibn Ridwan- first observed the Sun (supernova) recoded the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event recorded in the history.

SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUALS

   Inner Planets- consist Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

      Asteroid Belts- composed of asteroids

      Outer Planets- consists of gas giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

 Solar Astronomy- Study of sun’s behavior and phenomena

Stellar Astronomy- Study of stars and its formation occurs in dense regions of dust and gas known as giant molecular clouds.

Extra Galactic Astronomy- study of objects outside the galaxy organizations and distribution of galaxies.

1.      Elliptical Galaxy- has the cross selection or shape of an ellipse where the stars move along a random orbits with no prepare directions.

2.      Spiral Galaxy- stars are organized into a flat rotating with prominent bulge at the center.

3.      Irregular Galaxy- chaotic in appearance and are neither spiral non elliptical it is like to gravitational interaction.

4.      Galactic Astronomy- Study of galaxy

a.       Andromeda

b.      Milky Way

SCIENCE IN GREEK and ROMAN CIVILIZATION

1. GREEK CIVILIZATION

-emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have fully developed basic elements of Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Geography and Medicine.

    

2. Persons who give contribution on the development of Science

      Thales- matter is composed of, or convertible into water.

     Hippocrates- Father of  Medicines

      Aristotle- classification of plants and animals

    Pythagoras- Pythagorean Theorem

     Archimedes- Principle of Lever and Pulley

      Ptolemy- Geocentric Theory

3. Roman Civilization

    Time of Julius Ceasar (102-44 B.C.) It is said that Romans are poor in science but contributed a lot in the field of infrastructure.

4. Romans that give contributions in the field of science

    Pliny the Elder- only Roman Scientist that is celebrated.

      Galem- wrote 150 books on medicine

   Cleopatra- Roman Queen who uses Cosmetics.

STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY

EARLIEST COMMUNITIES

-         live almost entirely in small nomadic communities

-         surviving on his skills in hunting and fishing

-         developed in tropical latitudes, especially in Africa

-         move out hence into the subtropical regions and eventually into the landmass of EURASIA

NEOLITIC REVOLUTION

-         increased in population

-         bigger communities

-         sometimes called Neolithic Revolution

     Primitive Man used wood, bone, fur, leaves grasses.

STONE- material that gives its name and technological unity. Tools shaped for specific purpose.

Flint- became very popular stone for this purpose, although five sandstones and certain volcanic rocks were also widely used.

Stone- clay and brick>animal skin>metallic oxides

Fire- was the most important contribution of pre historic to power technology.

      Tools and Weapons

-stone headed spear

- the harpoon

- bow and arrow

     Potter’s Wheel- driven by kilks from the operator.

      Wheels- gave continues rotary movement in one direction.

   Drill and Lathe- derived from the bow and had effect on spinning the drill piece.

FOOD PODUCTION

Paleolithic                                                  Neolithic

Gathering, fishing, hunting               agriculture, animal husbandry    

Building Techniques

      Impressive structure were created

      Primarily Tomps

     Burial Mounds and religious edifecis

     Sun-dried bricks and domestic housing

       Manufacturing

      Grinding Corn (quern) transport and communication

      Baking Clay – Pottery

    Spinning and Weaving Textiles

     Dyeing, fermenting and distilling

     Gold, Silver, Copper

    Domestication of Animals

      Dugout CANOE and brick-bark canoe